Category: reminiscence

Thoughts on House Finches

This morning, I got a snapshot of a male house finch sitting on the back porch fence post. He’s a proud looking fellow. I saw the female a minute earlier but could not catch a picture of her.

It’s spring; they’re probably a mating pair and we saw them last year. So, there will soon be eggs somewhere out in the woods past our back yard. There will probably be chicks soon.

Maybe the chicks will survive. I remember during the month of May in 2019, I was keeping watch on a nest of house finches just outside of my office window. I would go out every day to a skinny little juniper tree, part the branches, and snap pictures of the eggs and later, the squirming hatchlings.

One day, I heard a noise like the flapping of big sheets outside my window. When I finally looked out, I saw the biggest crow I’d ever seen, just taking off with all of the nestlings clenched in its beak.

The mother house finch arrived minutes later and searched frantically for her chicks for over half an hour.

It wasn’t until then that I learned I was at fault for exposing the hiding place of the nest in the tree. I went there daily and spread the branches, probably while the crow watched me from high above in the sky.

I thought I learned my lesson, but I didn’t. In May of 2024, a mating pair of house finches built a nest in our artificial Christmas tree right on our front porch, a step away from the front door. The ruddy male would feed the female, who had laid 4 eggs.

I set up a critter cam on a tripod and filmed them for days. Every time I hustled out there to get the camera to download the videos, I scared the birds off. We watched for 17 days. The typical time to hatching is about 14 days. I finally tossed the whole thing out in the back yard.

There are a red tail hawks, turkey vultures, and crows all over the sky. I hope the house finches know better than to build a nest in any of the big pots on our porch. I know better than to draw attention to them now.

Upcoming Sven Squad Movie “Friday the 13th”

The upcoming movie with the Svengoolie Sven Squad this Saturday the 14th comes a day late. It’s the very first “Friday the 13th.” I’ve never seen it, but I think I’ve seen a couple of the 35 sequels. I always have to stop and think about how to distinguish the 1978 slasher “Halloween” from the 1981 slasher “Friday the 13th,” which I think I saw.

I can’t, but that’s OK because I’ve been too busy trying to figure out why the name of the star of the first Friday the 13th   film sounds familiar to me. You’ll be thrilled to know that I finally remembered it’s Betsy Palmer from the old 1960’s TV show “I’ve Got a Secret.”

I think she wanted this movie to be a secret until it started making some real money.

Anyway, the movie starts with some guy in a hockey mask slashing various people who then hire a guy in a fancier mask to slash the first guy so they can go back to having casual you-know-what-kind of relations and shoplifting candy cigarettes from K-Mart, which by the way used to be Kresge’s which I am old enough to remember although I never shoplifted anything I swear. What happens next is that Slasher 1 and Slasher 2 meet on the street at high noon and threw samurai swords at each other, often missing and breaking Kresge’s windows until this wakes up Chuck Norris who is pretty annoyed and roundhouse kicks both Slashers  into Saturn’s orbit although they manage to hitch a ride on one of those newfangled UFOs which resemble orbs, the extraterrestrial pilots of which hit the warp drive and shoot through a wormhole portal sending them backwards in time to 1977 and boy does that ever mess with the gyroscopes and scorch the spark plugs making it necessary to jettison a load of poorly mixed nuclear grade molten metals into a field in Council Bluffs, Iowa which for some reason did not lead to that fine community becoming a major tourist attraction, so…well, the film probably doesn’t go exactly that way but then I’ve never seen it so it doesn’t hurt to speculate a little bit.

Clinical Problems in Consultation Psychiatry and The Break-Dancing Koala Bear

I ran across an old Clinical Problems in Consultation Psychiatry (CPCP) presentation by a couple of sharp medical students in 2014. They presented it at one of my morning consult rounds and it’s about Charles Bonnet Syndrome.

They did a very nice job and it compares fairly well with the University of Iowa Ophthalmology Dept summary. One of the authors of that summary is my retinal specialist, Dr. Ian Han, who did the surgery on my detached retina about 4 years ago. It also has a link to a great YouTube video of a woman who has Charles Bonnet Syndrome. It’s not a psychiatric disorder although ironically one of the treatments for it may sometimes be antipsychotic medications.

The other thing about this presentation is that the students’ fictional case description mentions that the patient had visions of “a break-dancing koala bear” among other things. I can’t remember whether I was the one who told them about a video on the internet that showed a break-dancing stuffed koala bear—or if it was the other way around! At any rate, I remember seeing it around that time, but of course I can’t find it now.

Do We Really Need Artificial Intelligence to Help People Who Are Demoralized?

I was just going through the many files on one of my old thumb drives that I still keep after I retired from consultation-liaison psychiatry over 5 years ago. I found a file that I must have typed from a source on how to help medically ill persons who are demoralized. Demoralization is not the same thing as depression or adjustment disorder. What I have copied from the original source is below, along with the reference.

Treating Demoralization

Ask first: “how are your spirits today?”  Then ask “what is the most difficult thing for you now?”

Coherence Versus Confusion

1.  How do you make sense of what you’re going through?

2.  When you are uncertain how to make sense of it, how do you deal with feeling confused?

3.  To whom do you turn for help when you feel confused?

4. (For religious patient) When you feel confused, do you have a sense that God has a way of making sense of it?  Do you sense that God sees meaning in your suffering?

Communion Versus Isolation

1. Who really understands your situation?

2.  When you have difficult days, with whom do you talk?

3.  In whose presence do you feel a bodily sense of peace?

4. (For religious patients) Do you feel the presence of God?  How?  What does God know about your experience that other people may not understand?

Hope Versus Despair

1.  From what sources do you draw hope?

2.  On difficult days, what keeps you from giving up?

3.  Who have you known in your life who would not be surprised to see you stay hopeful amid adversity?  What did this person know about you that other people may not have known?

Purpose Versus Meaninglessness

1.  What keeps you going on difficult days?

2.  For whom, or for what, does it matter that you continue to live?

3. (For terminally ill patients) What do you hope to contribute in the time you have remaining?

4. (For religious patients) What does God hope you will do with your life in days to come?

Agency Versus Helplessness

1.  What is your prioritized list of concerns?  What concerns you most?  What next most?

2.  What most helps you to stand strong against the challenges of this illness?

3.  What should I know about you as a person that lies beyond your illness?

4.  How have you kept this illness from taking charge of your entire life?

Courage Versus Cowardice

1.  Have there been moments when you felt tempted to give up but didn’t?  How did you make a decision to persevere?

2.  If you see someone else taking such a step even though feeling afraid, would you consider that an act of courage?  (If so) Can you imagine viewing yourself as a courageous person?  Is that a description of yourself that you would desire?

3.  Can you imagine that others who witness how you cope with this illness might describe you as a courageous person?

Gratitude Versus Resentment

1.  For what are you most deeply grateful?

2.  Are there moments when you can still feel joy despite the sorrow you have been through?

3.  If you could look back on this illness from some future time, what would you say that you took from the experience that added to your life?

Griffith, J. L. and L. Gaby (2010). “Brief Psychotherapy at the Bedside: Countering Demoralization From Medical Illness.” Focus 8(1): 143-150.

There are a couple of resources I routinely used as a psychiatric consultant in the general hospital. One of them was the general outline of how to recognize and help someone who is demoralized (above). Another was a free online (non-AI) cognitive behavioral therapy resource that is still available called The MoodGym.

These are not the same thing as Artificial Intelligence (AI), which I think in some cases might be the wrong way to help someone with depression and anxiety that is more reactive to situational and medical stressors. AI can also be harmful to some people.

I have seen the brief psychotherapy guide above published and referenced in different articles on the web, one of them published as recently as 2025. Griffith and Gaby first published the guide to help those who are demoralized in 2005. It’s been around for 20 years and in my opinion is better than AI will ever be.

References:

James L. Griffith, Lynne Gaby,

Brief Psychotherapy at the Bedside: Countering Demoralization From Medical Illness,

Psychosomatics,

Volume 46, Issue 2,

2005,

Pages 109-116,

ISSN 0033-3182,

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033318205701006)

Abstract: Bedside psychotherapy with medically ill patients can help counter their demoralization, which is the despair, helplessness, and sense of isolation that many patients experience when affected by illness and its treatments. Demoralization can be usefully regarded as the compilation of different existential postures that position a patient to withdraw from the challenges of illness. A fruitful interviewing strategy is to discern which existential themes are of most concern, then to tailor questions and interventions to address those specific themes. Illustrative cases show how such focused interviewing can help patients cope assertively by mobilizing existential postures of resilience, such as hope, agency, and communion with others.

https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/foc.8.1.foc143

Alyssa C. Smith, Jonathan S. Gerkin, Diana M. Robinson, Emily G. Holmes,

Consultation-Liaison Case Conference: Management of Demoralization in the Medical Setting,

Journal of the Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry,

Volume 67, Issue 1,

2026,

Pages 71-78,

ISSN 2667-2960,

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667296025005087)

Abstract: Demoralization has important implications for patients’ health, but consultation-liaison psychiatrists may be less familiar with diagnosis and management due to limited inclusion in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision. We present the case of a multivisceral transplant patient who experienced demoralization due to complications from her posttransplant course. We discuss the diagnosis of demoralization, including differential diagnoses to consider, followed by a discussion of management of demoralization in the inpatient setting using acceptance and commitment therapy. We then discuss the consultation-liaison psychiatrist’s role in assisting with management of teams’ counter-transference to difficult patient cases, including the possibility of teams experiencing their own demoralization.

Keywords: demoralization; transplantation; transplant psychiatry; acceptance and commitment therapy; consultation-liaison psychiatry

Try to Lift Just One Eyebrow Without Picking Your Nose!

I ran across a couple of interesting articles today and I thought I’d pass this along. One article is about kids who pick boogers out of their nose and eat them. Another is about how to lift one eyebrow only.

I bet a lot of people try to learn how to lift one eyebrow. I also bet that nobody would ever admit they pick their nose and dine on the boogers. Well, I never picked my nose but when I was in the 1st or 2nd grade, one of my classmates used to do this. The teacher would get really mad because no matter how many times she told him to stop, he would just do it anyway.

He tried to be sneaky about it, but pretty soon the whole class could catch him at it. We could barely get through class because we were so busy spying on him-and gagging when we caught him.

I tried to see if I could lift just my right eyebrow. I wondered if I could do it without much practice because I had surgery to repair a retinal tear on my right eye a few years ago. Does it look like my brow on the right is a little more wrinkled? See what you think. And can you tell if it’s more prominent if I stick an extraterrestrial up my left nostril? Examine the photos carefully. Take your time and get back to me. I did not eat the ET, I swear.

right eyebrow higher than left?
Never picked an ET nor did I eat it. People would look at me funny, though.

Thoughts on Martin Luther King, Jr. Day

Today being Martin Luther King Day, I’m reminiscing a little about my short time as a student at Huston-Tillotson College (one of this country’s HBCUs, Huston-Tillotson University since 2005) in Austin, Texas. It’s always a good idea to thank your teachers. I never took a degree there, choosing to transfer credit to Iowa State University toward my Bachelor’s, later earning my medical degree at The University of Iowa.

However, I was a reporter for the college newspaper, The Ramshorn Journal. That’s where the featured image comes from.

Although I didn’t come of age at HT, I can see that a few of my most enduring habits of thought and my goals spring from those two years at this small, mostly African-American enrollment college. I learned about tenacity to principle and practice from a visiting professor, Dr Melvin P. Sikes, in Sociology (from the University of Texas) who paced back and forth across the Agard-Lovinggood auditorium stage in a lemon-yellow leisure suit as he ranted about the importance of bringing about change.

He was a scholar yet decried the pursuit of the mere trappings of scholarship, exhorting us to work directly for change where it was needed most. He didn’t assign term papers, but sent me and another freshman to the Austin Police Department. The goal evidently was to make them nervous by our requests for the uniform police report, which our professor suspected might reveal a tendency to arrest blacks more frequently than whites.

He wasn’t satisfied with merely studying society’s institutions; he worked to change them for the better. Although I was probably just as nervous as the cops were, the lesson about the importance of applying principles of change directly to society eventually stuck. I remembered it every time I encountered push-back from change-resistant hospital administrations.

As a clinician-educator I have a passion for both science and humanistic approaches in the practice of psychiatry. Dr. James Means struggled to teach us mathematics, the language of science. He was a dyspeptic man, who once observed that he treated us better than we treated ourselves. Looking back on it, I can see he was right.


Dr. Lamar Kirven (or Major Kirven because he was in the military) also modeled passion. He taught black history and he was always excited about it. When he scrawled something on the blackboard, you couldn’t read it but you knew what he meant.

And there was Dr. Hector Grant, chaplain and professor of religious studies, and devoted to his native Jamaica. He once said to me, “Not everyone can be a Baptist preacher.” He tried to explain that my loss of a debate to someone who won simply by not allowing me a word in edgewise was sometimes an unavoidable result of competing with an opponent who is simply bombastic.

Dr. Porter taught English Literature and writing. She also tried to teach me about Rosicrucian philosophy for which she held a singular passion. Not everyone can be a Rosicrucian philosopher. But it prepared the way for me to accept the importance of spirituality in medicine.

I didn’t know it back in the seventies, but my teachers at HT would be my heroes. We need heroes like that in our medical schools, guiding the next generation of doctors. We need them in a variety of leadership roles in our society. Most of my former HT heroes are not living in the world now. But I can still hear their voices.

What Questions Should We Ask on MLK Day?

I ran across this quote from Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in my notes:

“Human progress is neither automatic nor inevitable… Every step toward the goal of justice requires sacrifice, suffering, and struggle; the tireless exertions and passionate concern of dedicated individuals.”

― Martin Luther King Jr.

This week we’ll be getting the two biographies of Martin Luther King, Jr. One of them is a biography published a couple of years ago by Jonathan Eig, titled “King: A Life.” The other is an autobiography, “The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr.”

This morning, I was focused on puzzling over Eig’s book, in which there is a focus of how depression affected Dr. King. Gradually, I found out more about his struggles with mental health than I ever knew, and people were aware of them many years before Eig.

Dr. King never shared his emotional problems with anyone while he was alive in order to avoid the stigma in those times. Initially I asked “Why?” type questions. Why does anyone dig into a person’s private health information? That’s called PHI for short and it’s not supposed to be readily available to just anybody. Health professionals know that.

And then I remembered something I learned gradually over the course of my career as a psychiatrist. It’s hard to frame useful answers to “Why?” questions. It’s often more helpful to ask “What?” questions, mainly because they lead to actionable replies about things we might need to change.

What did I do as a teacher before I retired from consultation-liaison psychiatry in order to train those who would improve on what I did?

I shared with my students what I thought would be most helpful to them in their careers going forward:

The shortage of psychiatrists in general, and of C-L psychiatrists specifically, still leads me to believe that George Henry was right when he said:

“Relegating this work entirely to specialists is futile for it is doubtful whether there will ever be a sufficient number of psychiatrists to respond to all the requests for consultations. There is, therefore, no alternative to educating other physicians in the elements of psychiatric methods.”– George W. Henry, MD, 1929 (Henry, G.W., SOME MODERN ASPECTS OF PSYCHIATRY IN GENERAL HOSPITAL PRACTICE. Am J Psychiatry, 1929. 86(3): p.481-499.)

There was so much in Henry’s paper published in 1929 that still sounds current today. I can paraphrase the high points:

  • Practice humility and patience
  • Avoid psychiatric jargon
  • Stick close to facts; don’t get bogged down in theories
  • Prevent harm to patients from unnecessary medical and surgical treatment, e.g. somatization
  • “The psychiatrist deals with a larger field of medical practice and he must consider all of the facts.”
  • The psychiatrist should “…make regular visits to the wards…continue the instruction and organize the psychiatric work of internes…attend staff conferences so that there might be a mutual exchange of medical experience”
  • Focus on “…the less obvious disorders which so frequently complicate general medical and surgical practice…” rather than chronic, severe mental illness

The advantages of an integrated C-L Psychiatrist service (here I mean integrating medicine and psychiatry; mind and body) are that it increases detection of all mental disorders although that requires increasing the manpower on the service because of the consequent higher volume demand in addition to other requests, including but not limited to unnecessary consultation requests.

Further, what still astonishes me is the study which found that among consultee top priorities was an understanding of the core question (Lavakumar, M. et al Parameters of Consultee Satisfaction With Inpatient Academic Psychiatric Consultation Services: A Multicenter Study. Psychosomatics (2015). The irony is that the consultees frequently do not frame specific questions (Zigun, J.R. The psychiatric consultation checklist: A structured form to improve the clarity of psychiatric consultation requests. General Hospital Psychiatry 12(1), 36-44; (1990).

Moreover, it is sometimes necessary to give consultees bad news. A consultant should be able to tell a colleague what he or she may not what to hear. This principle is applicable across many disciplines and contexts. And it is best delivered with civility.

A former president of the ACLP said:

“A consultation service is a rescue squad.  At worst, consultation work is nothing more than a brief foray into the territory of another service…the actual intervention is left to the consultee.  Like a volunteer firefighter, a consultant puts out the blaze and then returns home… (However), a liaison service requires manpower, money, and motivation.  Sufficient personnel are necessary to allow the psychiatric consultant time to perform services other than simply interviewing troublesome patients in the area assigned to him.”—Dr. Thomas Hackett.

I don’t think it’s too much to expect things to improve. Speaking of improvement, Stephen Covey called it “sharpening the saw,” one of the 7 habits of highly effective people. For this, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics C-L Psychiatry has the Clinical Problems in Consultation Psychiatry or CPCP. This was started by Dr. Bill Yates in the 1990s, and it was originally called Problem-based Learning. “PBL…emphasis on the development of problem-solving skills, small group dynamics, and self-directed methods of education…most common types of problem categories identified for the conference were pharmacology of psychiatric and medical drugs (28%), mental status effects of medical illnesses (28%), consultation psychiatry process issues (20%), and diagnostic issues (13%) …PBL conference was ranked the highest of all the psychiatry resident educational formats.”

  • Yates, W. R. and T. T. Gerdes (1996). “Problem-based learning in consultation psychiatry.” Gen Hosp Psychiatry 18(3): 139-144.Yates, W. R. and T. T. Gerdes (1996). “Problem-based learning in consultation psychiatry.” Gen Hosp Psychiatry 18(3): 139-144.
    • Covey, S. R. (1990). The seven habits of highly effective people: restoring the character ethic. New York, Simon and Schuster.         

What did I do when burnout made me a less effective teacher? In 2012 I started getting feedback from colleagues and trainees indicating they noticed I was edgy, even angry, and it was time for a change.

After reflecting on the feedback from my colleagues and students, I enrolled in our university’s 8 week group Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program. Our teacher debunked myths about mindfulness, one of which is that it involves tuning out stress by relaxing. In reality, mindfulness actually entails tuning in to what hurts as well as what soothes.

Maybe we should ask what helped Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. persevere in spite of the inner turmoil and external pressure.

Connections Between Psychiatry, Artificiality and Blues Music?

I heard a song on the KCCK Big Mo Blues Show that I first heard in June of 2025. The song is “Artificial” by Walter Trout.

At first blush, I agree with what I think is the point of the song, which is basically a protest against artificiality which could manifest in a range of ways from superficiality and dishonesty in communications, attitudes, style of clothing, relationships, and all the way to Artificial Intelligence (AI).

The other connection I make is to the artist himself. Walter Trout developed Hepatitis C (eventually leading to liver transplant) according to a Wikipedia article which connected his lifestyle to contracting the disease. In my role as a consultation-liaison psychiatrist, I saw many patients with Hepatitis C who were referred to psychiatry from gastroenterology.

I was the main psychiatrist who evaluated them for treatment with Interferon-alpha. At the time it was the only treatment for Hepatitis C and was frequently associated with many side effects including depression. I was also one of the psychiatrists consulted as part of liver transplant evaluations.

Trout got very sick from Hepatitis C and made a remarkable (even miraculous) recovery after his liver transplant. Interferon is no longer used to treat Hepatitis C. It has been replaced by direct-acting antiviral (DAA) agents. They’re much better-tolerated and more effective.

The other aspect relevant to Trout’s song is ironic. The newest scientific literature supports the idea that AI can be helpful for diagnosing Hepatitis C, predicting its progression and response to treatment.

That doesn’t mean I’m completely sold on AI.

Aside from that, there’s interesting research suggesting that there may be a link between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and Hepatitis C infection (which could be hiding deep in the brain’s choroid plexus lining the cerebral ventricles). In other words, some people might have mental illness because of the liver disease itself.

If you think about the dictionary definition of the word “artificial,” you can hardly dismiss this kind of research as insincere.

Glue Myself to My Biography

There’s a reason for why I so often tell Dad jokes. In keeping with my post from yesterday about Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr’s biographies:

I glued myself to my autobiography. You may not believe it, but that’s my story and I’m sticking to it.

We’ve ordered a couple of biographies about Dr. King. One of them is his autobiography and the other is Jonathan Eig’s book, “King: A Life.”

I’m getting to be too old to write my own autobiography—guess it’ll have to be done by autopen. Sorry about that one (no I’m not).

I’m a psychiatrist so I know when I’m using humor as a defense mechanism. A lot of good that does.

I’ve never seriously considered writing my autobiography. I could have it tattooed on my back—it would be my backstory.

Seriously—no, I guess that’s impossible. On the other hand, every year about MLK Day, I think about the blog I wrote that the Iowa City Press Citizen published in 2015 on January 19th. It’s becoming almost something like a tradition. I think I need to repost it annually around this time. The title is “Remembering our calling: MLK Day 2015.” 

“Faith is taking the first step, even when you don’t see the whole staircase.”

-Martin Luther King, Jr.

That quote is interesting because Jonathan Eig’s biography of MLK can be said to reveal more of the staircase, so to speak, at least from the standpoint of his flaws as well as his strengths. But I stray from the tradition:

As the 2015 Martin Luther King Jr. Day approached, I wondered: What’s the best way for the average person to contribute to lifting this nation to a higher destiny? What’s my role and how do I respond to that call?

I find myself reflecting more about my role as a teacher to our residents and medical students. I wonder every day how I can improve as a role model and, at the same time, let trainees practice both what I preach and listen to their own inner calling. After all, they are the next generation of doctors.

But for now, they are under my tutelage. What do I hope for them?

I hope medicine doesn’t destroy itself with empty and dishonest calls for “competence” and “quality,” when excellence is called for.

I hope that when they are on call, they’ll mindfully acknowledge their fatigue and frustration…and sit down when they go and listen to the patient.

I hope they listen inwardly as well, and learn to know the difference between a call for action, and a cautionary whisper to wait and see.

I hope they won’t be paralyzed by doubt when their patients are not able to speak for themselves, and that they’ll call the families who have a stake in whatever doctors do for their loved ones.

And most of all I hope leaders in medicine and psychiatry remember that we chose medicine because we thought it was a calling. Let’s try to keep it that way.

You know, I’m on call at the hospital today and I tried to give my trainees the day off. They came in anyway.

I used to joke that they would erect a playdoh statue of me in the Quad (Quadrangle Hall was there) on the University of Iowa campus someday. Unfortunately, the Quad was demolished in 2016, so I guess I can’t put that in my autobiography.

Since I retired in 2020, I keep meaning to write my memoirs, but I never get around to it. I guess that makes it my oughta biography.

Kudos to Dr. George Dawson on Today’s Blog Post!

I want to give a shout-out to Dr. George Dawson on his post today, “Enthusiasm is a plus…” It’s right on the mark.

Having a zest for medicine is the reason why many physicians undertook the rigorous training in medical school, residency, and beyond. A sense of humor is evident in George’s essay—and he doesn’t need to be comedian.

His essay reminded me of the many trainees who took their rotation through the psychiatry consultation service when I was running it (or tried to, anyway!). Many deserve a shout out as well for not only working hard on the service but teaching as well. I prevailed on them to make a short presentation during the rotation. I called it the Dirty Dozen.

They picked a topic often about an interesting consultation case we had seen and put together a talk with a dozen slides. They gave a Dirty Dozen called: “Neurology and Psychiatry: Divided or United?” It included some of Dr. Ron Pies ideas on a subtopic of whether psychiatry and neurology can ever be combined as a discipline (three diagrams of his are in the slides). You can also see a sense of humor, especially in the first slide.

Note: Because I couldn’t locate all of the trainees to get their permission to leave their names on the title slide, I chose to identify them as “Trainees.” I’m still very proud of all of them.

Slides from trainees on Neurology and Psychiatry: Divided or United? from UIHC Psychiatry Consultation Service, 2017. Figures included from Dr. Pies’ article in Psychiatric Times (see below):

Citations:

Arzy, S. Danziger, S. (2014).. “The Science of Neuropsychiatry: Past, Present, and Future.” The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences 26.4 2014): 392-395.  

Daly, R. Pies, R. (2010). Should Psychiatry and Neurology Merge as a Single Discipline? Psychiatric Times.

Fitzgerald, M. (2015). Do psychiatry and neurology need a close partnership or a merger? BJPsych Bulletin, 39(3), 105–107.

Pies, R. (2005). Why psychiatry and neurology cannot simply merge. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci; 17: 304-309.

Schildkrout, B., Frankel, M. (2016). Neuropsychiatry: Toward Solving the Mysteries That Animate Psychiatry. Psychiatric Times.

Price, BH., Adams RD., Coyle, JT. (2000). Neurology and psychiatry, closing the great divide. Neurology January 11, 2000 vol. 54 no. 18         

Ronald W. Pies, M., & Robert Daly, M. (2026, January 5). Should psychiatry and neurology merge as a single discipline?. Psychiatric Times. https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/should-psychiatry-and-neurology-merge-single-discipline?