health care – Go Retire Psychiatrist

Verdict on Kale Salad

Well, Sena served the cranberry kale salad today, along with a hearty vegetable soup. If I had not known that the kale was in the salad, I would not have noticed anything unusual about it.

In fact, the salad was pretty good, although truth be known, the kale was mixed together with so many other veggies and Dijon salad dressing, I wouldn’t have known it was in there.

So, I’m obligated to share the article about kale I read yesterday when I was complaining about kale salad. It’s chock full of vitamins but has hardly any calories.

And it doesn’t turn you into an extraterrestrial.

Another Silly Bill in the Iowa Legislature

I saw a story in the Iowa Capital Dispatch by Robin Opsahl today that there’s a bill in the Iowa legislature which seeks to make the drugs ivermectin and hydroxychloroquine over-the-counter (OTC) in Iowa. It doesn’t actually specify the reason why but it’s probably because some Iowans want the drugs available to treat Covid-19. I think the motivation sounds similar to the bills introduced in March of 2025 which were designed to make it illegal to get mRNA vaccines for Covid-19 in Iowa. They both died in funnel week last year.

The bill was discussed yesterday and, while there were 3 commenters in favor of it, there are several reasons to be suspicious of whether it would be a good thing for Iowans. Both ivermectin and hydroxychloroquine were studied for evidence of efficacy for Covid-19 and the studies failed to show that.

The FDA has made it clear that it doesn’t recommend either ivermectin or hydroxychloroquine for treatment of Covid-19.

However, the Iowa bill HF 2056 seeks to make both available OTC and require pharmacies not only make it available but protect the pharmacist from legal or criminal liability for any harms that might result from its use.

While you can find news stories saying simply that 4 states (Tennessee, Idaho, Arkansas, and Idaho) have adopted similar laws, there is at least one recent follow up news story indicating that the pharmacists still have some reservations.

A Boise, Idaho pharmacist says he’ll dispense ivermectin to callers—as long as they have a doctor’s note. Most callers don’t have a parasitic infection. The pharmacist points out that, while the Idaho law says he can dispense ivermectin without a prescription, the FDA hasn’t approved it to be used this way. “It’s not designed or packaged for retail sale,” according to the pharmacist. It’s not made for OTC use.

There’s also a hitch when it comes to health insurance coverage for OTC drugs, implying you might have to pay out of pocket. Arkansas and Tennessee pharmacists say that, despite the law change allowing OTC sale of ivermectin in their states, they won’t sell it that way.

I hope their example will be followed by the other states who seem to be going the same way as Iowa. On the other hand, I’m pretty sure there might be plenty of conscientious objectors in Iowa who might slow down the legal push to get either hydroxychloroquine or ivermectin OTC.

Just because lawmakers put in a lot of language in a bill in an effort to persuade pharmacists that they won’t get sued or go to jail if they always give the customers what they want doesn’t mean they’ll obey a law based on misinformation and which makes them disobey their principles. I don’t understand how the legislative machinery works but I’m hoping the fate for this bill will be the same as what happened to those from last year.

Thoughts on Martin Luther King, Jr. Day

Today being Martin Luther King Day, I’m reminiscing a little about my short time as a student at Huston-Tillotson College (one of this country’s HBCUs, Huston-Tillotson University since 2005) in Austin, Texas. It’s always a good idea to thank your teachers. I never took a degree there, choosing to transfer credit to Iowa State University toward my Bachelor’s, later earning my medical degree at The University of Iowa.

However, I was a reporter for the college newspaper, The Ramshorn Journal. That’s where the featured image comes from.

Although I didn’t come of age at HT, I can see that a few of my most enduring habits of thought and my goals spring from those two years at this small, mostly African-American enrollment college. I learned about tenacity to principle and practice from a visiting professor, Dr Melvin P. Sikes, in Sociology (from the University of Texas) who paced back and forth across the Agard-Lovinggood auditorium stage in a lemon-yellow leisure suit as he ranted about the importance of bringing about change.

He was a scholar yet decried the pursuit of the mere trappings of scholarship, exhorting us to work directly for change where it was needed most. He didn’t assign term papers, but sent me and another freshman to the Austin Police Department. The goal evidently was to make them nervous by our requests for the uniform police report, which our professor suspected might reveal a tendency to arrest blacks more frequently than whites.

He wasn’t satisfied with merely studying society’s institutions; he worked to change them for the better. Although I was probably just as nervous as the cops were, the lesson about the importance of applying principles of change directly to society eventually stuck. I remembered it every time I encountered push-back from change-resistant hospital administrations.

As a clinician-educator I have a passion for both science and humanistic approaches in the practice of psychiatry. Dr. James Means struggled to teach us mathematics, the language of science. He was a dyspeptic man, who once observed that he treated us better than we treated ourselves. Looking back on it, I can see he was right.

Dr. Lamar Kirven (or Major Kirven because he was in the military) also modeled passion. He taught black history and he was always excited about it. When he scrawled something on the blackboard, you couldn’t read it but you knew what he meant.

And there was Dr. Hector Grant, chaplain and professor of religious studies, and devoted to his native Jamaica. He once said to me, “Not everyone can be a Baptist preacher.” He tried to explain that my loss of a debate to someone who won simply by not allowing me a word in edgewise was sometimes an unavoidable result of competing with an opponent who is simply bombastic.

Dr. Porter taught English Literature and writing. She also tried to teach me about Rosicrucian philosophy for which she held a singular passion. Not everyone can be a Rosicrucian philosopher. But it prepared the way for me to accept the importance of spirituality in medicine.

I didn’t know it back in the seventies, but my teachers at HT would be my heroes. We need heroes like that in our medical schools, guiding the next generation of doctors. We need them in a variety of leadership roles in our society. Most of my former HT heroes are not living in the world now. But I can still hear their voices.

What Questions Should We Ask on MLK Day?

I ran across this quote from Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in my notes:

“Human progress is neither automatic nor inevitable… Every step toward the goal of justice requires sacrifice, suffering, and struggle; the tireless exertions and passionate concern of dedicated individuals.”

― Martin Luther King Jr.

This week we’ll be getting the two biographies of Martin Luther King, Jr. One of them is a biography published a couple of years ago by Jonathan Eig, titled “King: A Life.” The other is an autobiography, “The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr.”

This morning, I was focused on puzzling over Eig’s book, in which there is a focus of how depression affected Dr. King. Gradually, I found out more about his struggles with mental health than I ever knew, and people were aware of them many years before Eig.

Dr. King never shared his emotional problems with anyone while he was alive in order to avoid the stigma in those times. Initially I asked “Why?” type questions. Why does anyone dig into a person’s private health information? That’s called PHI for short and it’s not supposed to be readily available to just anybody. Health professionals know that.

And then I remembered something I learned gradually over the course of my career as a psychiatrist. It’s hard to frame useful answers to “Why?” questions. It’s often more helpful to ask “What?” questions, mainly because they lead to actionable replies about things we might need to change.

What did I do as a teacher before I retired from consultation-liaison psychiatry in order to train those who would improve on what I did?

I shared with my students what I thought would be most helpful to them in their careers going forward:

The shortage of psychiatrists in general, and of C-L psychiatrists specifically, still leads me to believe that George Henry was right when he said:

“Relegating this work entirely to specialists is futile for it is doubtful whether there will ever be a sufficient number of psychiatrists to respond to all the requests for consultations. There is, therefore, no alternative to educating other physicians in the elements of psychiatric methods.”– George W. Henry, MD, 1929 (Henry, G.W., SOME MODERN ASPECTS OF PSYCHIATRY IN GENERAL HOSPITAL PRACTICE. Am J Psychiatry, 1929. 86(3): p.481-499.)

There was so much in Henry’s paper published in 1929 that still sounds current today. I can paraphrase the high points:

Practice humility and patience
Avoid psychiatric jargon
Stick close to facts; don’t get bogged down in theories
Prevent harm to patients from unnecessary medical and surgical treatment, e.g. somatization
“The psychiatrist deals with a larger field of medical practice and he must consider all of the facts.”

The psychiatrist should “…make regular visits to the wards…continue the instruction and organize the psychiatric work of internes…attend staff conferences so that there might be a mutual exchange of medical experience”
Focus on “…the less obvious disorders which so frequently complicate general medical and surgical practice…” rather than chronic, severe mental illness

The advantages of an integrated C-L Psychiatrist service (here I mean integrating medicine and psychiatry; mind and body) are that it increases detection of all mental disorders although that requires increasing the manpower on the service because of the consequent higher volume demand in addition to other requests, including but not limited to unnecessary consultation requests.

Further, what still astonishes me is the study which found that among consultee top priorities was an understanding of the core question (Lavakumar, M. et al Parameters of Consultee Satisfaction With Inpatient Academic Psychiatric Consultation Services: A Multicenter Study. Psychosomatics (2015). The irony is that the consultees frequently do not frame specific questions (Zigun, J.R. The psychiatric consultation checklist: A structured form to improve the clarity of psychiatric consultation requests. General Hospital Psychiatry 12(1), 36-44; (1990).

Moreover, it is sometimes necessary to give consultees bad news. A consultant should be able to tell a colleague what he or she may not what to hear. This principle is applicable across many disciplines and contexts. And it is best delivered with civility.

A former president of the ACLP said:

“A consultation service is a rescue squad. At worst, consultation work is nothing more than a brief foray into the territory of another service…the actual intervention is left to the consultee. Like a volunteer firefighter, a consultant puts out the blaze and then returns home… (However), a liaison service requires manpower, money, and motivation. Sufficient personnel are necessary to allow the psychiatric consultant time to perform services other than simply interviewing troublesome patients in the area assigned to him.”—Dr. Thomas Hackett.

I don’t think it’s too much to expect things to improve. Speaking of improvement, Stephen Covey called it “sharpening the saw,” one of the 7 habits of highly effective people. For this, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics C-L Psychiatry has the Clinical Problems in Consultation Psychiatry or CPCP. This was started by Dr. Bill Yates in the 1990s, and it was originally called Problem-based Learning. “PBL…emphasis on the development of problem-solving skills, small group dynamics, and self-directed methods of education…most common types of problem categories identified for the conference were pharmacology of psychiatric and medical drugs (28%), mental status effects of medical illnesses (28%), consultation psychiatry process issues (20%), and diagnostic issues (13%) …PBL conference was ranked the highest of all the psychiatry resident educational formats.”

Yates, W. R. and T. T. Gerdes (1996). “Problem-based learning in consultation psychiatry.” Gen Hosp Psychiatry 18(3): 139-144.Yates, W. R. and T. T. Gerdes (1996). “Problem-based learning in consultation psychiatry.” Gen Hosp Psychiatry 18(3): 139-144.
- Covey, S. R. (1990). The seven habits of highly effective people: restoring the character ethic. New York, Simon and Schuster.

What did I do when burnout made me a less effective teacher? In 2012 I started getting feedback from colleagues and trainees indicating they noticed I was edgy, even angry, and it was time for a change.

After reflecting on the feedback from my colleagues and students, I enrolled in our university’s 8 week group Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program. Our teacher debunked myths about mindfulness, one of which is that it involves tuning out stress by relaxing. In reality, mindfulness actually entails tuning in to what hurts as well as what soothes.

Maybe we should ask what helped Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. persevere in spite of the inner turmoil and external pressure.

Replace Sycophantic AI with Marvin the Paranoid Android?

I found the perfect JAMA article explaining that sycophancy is programmed into Artificial Intelligence (AI) therapy chatbots.

This reminded me of Marvin the paranoid android (“Life! Don’t talk to me about life!”) in the book series “The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy” by Douglas Adams. Marvin is an incredibly depressed robot who would never make a good psychotherapist.

There’s even a Facebook page listing someone posts of questions to ChatGPT about non-inspirational quotes from Marvin.

If programmers can make sycophantic AI therapists, there should be a way to make them less sycophantic. For more specific information, you can check out this relatively recent article published in Psychiatric Times by Dr. Allen Francis, MD and Justin Angel, a tech expert. I would probably substitute the term “confabulation” for “hallucinations” in most places where you read the latter.

Confabulation in Artificial Intelligence

I saw an excellent post on Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Dr. George Dawson’s post today, “The Problems With AI Are More Readily Apparent.” He mentions AI producing confabulations which are sometimes called hallucinations in AI. I distinguish hallucinations from confabulations because the former are sensory or perceptual problems while confabulations are making things up. In dementia, confabulations are often described as attempts to fill in gaps in knowledge or memory without any intention to deceive.

I sometimes read that AI is being sycophantic in its interactions with humans, which sounds a little strange to me. The definition of sycophancy is more about trying to please someone else by being obsequiously flattering. It’s puzzling but I have gotten that impression from AI, yet it’s a machine and I don’t know how anyone would program AI to be sycophantic because it’s a human trait.

On the other hand, I got a comically sycophantic reply from AI to my question inquiring about the definition of Calvinball Cribbage. It’s just a made-up term and, to be fair, I’ve also gotten bluntly frank denials from AI that there is any such thing as Calvinball Cribbage.

As a reminder, Calvinball is a term that arose from a comic strip called Calvin and Hobbes. In the strip, the characters invent a game called Calvinball and the only rule is making up the rules as you go along, although there is a goal of capturing your opponent’s flag. But you can’t play it the same way twice.

The most recent hilarious AI confabulation I’ve previously posted about was when Sena and I played our game of 11-card cribbage. There are cribbage players out there who make fun of such variations from standard 6-card cribbage and the name for it from one such player was “Calvinball crib.” My simple question was as usual, “What is Calvinball Cribbage?” The reply is copied below:

“Calvinball Cribbage is a humorous mashup of the chaotic, rule-free game from Calvin & Hobbes with traditional Cribbage, often involving themed boards or rule modifications, where the core idea is applying Calvinball’s fluid, make-it-up-as-you-go spirit to Cribbage’s scoring and play, adding wild, non-sensical rules like using mallets, changing hand values, or scoring points for silly actions, making each round unique and unpredictable, not a single defined game but a creative approach to Cribbage.

What it is (The Calvinball Aspect):

No Fixed Rules: Just like original Calvinball, there’s no single set of rules; the players invent them as they go.
Rule Changes: A key rule is that rules can’t be repeated, and players constantly invent new scoring, actions, or penalties.
Props & Actions: You might use mallets, balls, trees, or make up actions like “scoring three points for pointing at a cloud” or “losing a turn for looking left”.

How it Applies to Cribbage:

Themed Boards: You can find or make custom cribbage boards featuring Calvin & Hobbes, adding visual flair.
Modified Scoring: Instead of just points for pairs and runs, you might add a “Hobbes Bonus” for a specific card or penalize for “too much logic”.
Strategic Chaos: Players still play cribbage (cards, pegs, crib), but the gameplay is constantly disrupted by invented rules, turning strategic plays into potential jokes or absurd victories.

Example Calvinball Cribbage “Rules”:

“If you play a 7, you must hop on one foot until your next turn”.
“The crib gets 5 points if it contains a card with a face on it” (referencing Calvin’s drawings).
“A ‘skunk’ is achieved by making your opponent laugh out loud”.

In essence, Calvinball Cribbage is about injecting unpredictable fun and silliness into the structured world of cribbage, making it a game of spontaneous creativity rather than strict strategy. “

This could be an example of sycophantic confabulation because almost all of it was probably cooked up by AI from scanning my blog posts about the subject. What’s a little eerie about it is that I never published any specific rules or strategies about the fictional game of Calvinball crib. You can actually find and purchase a Calvin and Hobbes cribbage board from a shop in Canada.

While this is an example of the occasional comicality of AI, that shouldn’t lead us to deny that it can do scary things, some of which Dr. Dawson describes. My early experiences a couple of years ago with what used to be called Google Bard were somewhat alarming because it confabulated then. And it still does.

Connections Between Psychiatry, Artificiality and Blues Music?

I heard a song on the KCCK Big Mo Blues Show that I first heard in June of 2025. The song is “Artificial” by Walter Trout.

At first blush, I agree with what I think is the point of the song, which is basically a protest against artificiality which could manifest in a range of ways from superficiality and dishonesty in communications, attitudes, style of clothing, relationships, and all the way to Artificial Intelligence (AI).

The other connection I make is to the artist himself. Walter Trout developed Hepatitis C (eventually leading to liver transplant) according to a Wikipedia article which connected his lifestyle to contracting the disease. In my role as a consultation-liaison psychiatrist, I saw many patients with Hepatitis C who were referred to psychiatry from gastroenterology.

I was the main psychiatrist who evaluated them for treatment with Interferon-alpha. At the time it was the only treatment for Hepatitis C and was frequently associated with many side effects including depression. I was also one of the psychiatrists consulted as part of liver transplant evaluations.

Trout got very sick from Hepatitis C and made a remarkable (even miraculous) recovery after his liver transplant. Interferon is no longer used to treat Hepatitis C. It has been replaced by direct-acting antiviral (DAA) agents. They’re much better-tolerated and more effective.

The other aspect relevant to Trout’s song is ironic. The newest scientific literature supports the idea that AI can be helpful for diagnosing Hepatitis C, predicting its progression and response to treatment.

That doesn’t mean I’m completely sold on AI.

Aside from that, there’s interesting research suggesting that there may be a link between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and Hepatitis C infection (which could be hiding deep in the brain’s choroid plexus lining the cerebral ventricles). In other words, some people might have mental illness because of the liver disease itself.

If you think about the dictionary definition of the word “artificial,” you can hardly dismiss this kind of research as insincere.

Exercise to Relieve Depression?

I’m sure you’ve seen the recently published articles on the web encouraging people to try exercising to treat depression. The articles rely on a new systematic review by the Cochrane Database, which you need to carefully interpret—not necessarily the whole paper; you could just skip to the bottom line in the Authors’ Conclusions:

“Authors’ conclusions: Exercise may be moderately more effective than a control intervention for reducing symptoms of depression. Exercise appears to be no more or less effective than psychological or pharmacological treatments, though this conclusion is based on a few small trials. Long-term follow-up was rare. The addition of 35 RCTs (at least 2526 participants) to this update has had very little effect on the estimate of the benefit of exercise on symptoms of depression. If further research is to take place, it should focus on improving trial quality, assessing which characteristics of exercise are effective for different people, and exploring health equity.”

Clegg AJ, Hill JE, Mullin DS, Harris C, Smith CJ, Lightbody CE, Dwan K, Cooney GM, Mead GE, Watkins CL. Exercise for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2026 Jan 8;1(1):CD004366. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004366.pub7. PMID: 41500513; PMCID: PMC12779368.

As usual, though, several science news web sites talk it up as though it were a big deal. They usually do that at the top and then gradually toward the end of the story they slowly start to confess the truth about the limitations of the review.

I think this type of story could be called filler. It’s content that doesn’t really tell you anything new or earthshaking and most of the time it’s just to fill space left over from the bigger stories.

It’s almost like snake oil. Initially it sounds really good but you know the old saying: If it sounds too good to be true, it probably isn’t true.

This reminds me of my early career as an assistant professor of psychiatry at The University of Iowa. My superiors thought it was a great idea for me to give a major presentation (and it might have even been an Internal Medicine Grand Rounds) about adjustment disorders. I admit I was a new guy and somebody had to talk about something that non-psychiatrists might misdiagnose as a major mood or anxiety disorder.

There’s really not a whole lot to say about how to treat adjustment disorders, but it’s important to distinguish them from other major mood and anxiety disorders. That’s not to say adjustment disorders are unimportant. They can cause considerable distress and even some impairment. By and large, clinicians don’t often recommend treating adjustment disorders with medication, although there are exceptions. The diagnostic criteria are pretty clear. Psychotherapy is often the preferred intervention.

On the other hand, exercise could be one way to address the discomfort of some of those who struggle with adjustment disorders.

Glue Myself to My Biography

There’s a reason for why I so often tell Dad jokes. In keeping with my post from yesterday about Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr’s biographies:

I glued myself to my autobiography. You may not believe it, but that’s my story and I’m sticking to it.

We’ve ordered a couple of biographies about Dr. King. One of them is his autobiography and the other is Jonathan Eig’s book, “King: A Life.”

I’m getting to be too old to write my own autobiography—guess it’ll have to be done by autopen. Sorry about that one (no I’m not).

I’m a psychiatrist so I know when I’m using humor as a defense mechanism. A lot of good that does.

I’ve never seriously considered writing my autobiography. I could have it tattooed on my back—it would be my backstory.

Seriously—no, I guess that’s impossible. On the other hand, every year about MLK Day, I think about the blog I wrote that the Iowa City Press Citizen published in 2015 on January 19th. It’s becoming almost something like a tradition. I think I need to repost it annually around this time. The title is “Remembering our calling: MLK Day 2015.”

“Faith is taking the first step, even when you don’t see the whole staircase.”

-Martin Luther King, Jr.

That quote is interesting because Jonathan Eig’s biography of MLK can be said to reveal more of the staircase, so to speak, at least from the standpoint of his flaws as well as his strengths. But I stray from the tradition:

As the 2015 Martin Luther King Jr. Day approached, I wondered: What’s the best way for the average person to contribute to lifting this nation to a higher destiny? What’s my role and how do I respond to that call?

I find myself reflecting more about my role as a teacher to our residents and medical students. I wonder every day how I can improve as a role model and, at the same time, let trainees practice both what I preach and listen to their own inner calling. After all, they are the next generation of doctors.

But for now, they are under my tutelage. What do I hope for them?

I hope medicine doesn’t destroy itself with empty and dishonest calls for “competence” and “quality,” when excellence is called for.

I hope that when they are on call, they’ll mindfully acknowledge their fatigue and frustration…and sit down when they go and listen to the patient.

I hope they listen inwardly as well, and learn to know the difference between a call for action, and a cautionary whisper to wait and see.

I hope they won’t be paralyzed by doubt when their patients are not able to speak for themselves, and that they’ll call the families who have a stake in whatever doctors do for their loved ones.

And most of all I hope leaders in medicine and psychiatry remember that we chose medicine because we thought it was a calling. Let’s try to keep it that way.

You know, I’m on call at the hospital today and I tried to give my trainees the day off. They came in anyway.

I used to joke that they would erect a playdoh statue of me in the Quad (Quadrangle Hall was there) on the University of Iowa campus someday. Unfortunately, the Quad was demolished in 2016, so I guess I can’t put that in my autobiography.

Since I retired in 2020, I keep meaning to write my memoirs, but I never get around to it. I guess that makes it my oughta biography.

Kudos to Dr. George Dawson on Today’s Blog Post!

I want to give a shout-out to Dr. George Dawson on his post today, “Enthusiasm is a plus…” It’s right on the mark.

Having a zest for medicine is the reason why many physicians undertook the rigorous training in medical school, residency, and beyond. A sense of humor is evident in George’s essay—and he doesn’t need to be comedian.

His essay reminded me of the many trainees who took their rotation through the psychiatry consultation service when I was running it (or tried to, anyway!). Many deserve a shout out as well for not only working hard on the service but teaching as well. I prevailed on them to make a short presentation during the rotation. I called it the Dirty Dozen.

They picked a topic often about an interesting consultation case we had seen and put together a talk with a dozen slides. They gave a Dirty Dozen called: “Neurology and Psychiatry: Divided or United?” It included some of Dr. Ron Pies ideas on a subtopic of whether psychiatry and neurology can ever be combined as a discipline (three diagrams of his are in the slides). You can also see a sense of humor, especially in the first slide.

Note: Because I couldn’t locate all of the trainees to get their permission to leave their names on the title slide, I chose to identify them as “Trainees.” I’m still very proud of all of them.

Slides from trainees on Neurology and Psychiatry: Divided or United? from UIHC Psychiatry Consultation Service, 2017. Figures included from Dr. Pies’ article in Psychiatric Times (see below):

Citations:

Arzy, S. Danziger, S. (2014).. “The Science of Neuropsychiatry: Past, Present, and Future.” The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences 26.4 2014): 392-395.

Daly, R. Pies, R. (2010). Should Psychiatry and Neurology Merge as a Single Discipline? Psychiatric Times.

Fitzgerald, M. (2015). Do psychiatry and neurology need a close partnership or a merger? BJPsych Bulletin, 39(3), 105–107.

Pies, R. (2005). Why psychiatry and neurology cannot simply merge. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci; 17: 304-309.

Schildkrout, B., Frankel, M. (2016). Neuropsychiatry: Toward Solving the Mysteries That Animate Psychiatry. Psychiatric Times.

Price, BH., Adams RD., Coyle, JT. (2000). Neurology and psychiatry, closing the great divide. Neurology January 11, 2000 vol. 54 no. 18

Ronald W. Pies, M., & Robert Daly, M. (2026, January 5). Should psychiatry and neurology merge as a single discipline?. Psychiatric Times. https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/should-psychiatry-and-neurology-merge-single-discipline?